Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Market growth is projected to reach USD $ Billion in 2025, at a $% CAGR by driving industry size, share, segments research, top company analysis, trends and forecast report 2025 to 2031.

Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Market Trends and Outlook 2025-31

The global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors market size is predicted to grow from US$ 64.1 million in 2025 to US$ 94 million in 2031; it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.6% from 2025 to 2031. Glass Radial NTC Thermistors are high-precision, highly stable temperature-sensing components made from negative temperature coefficient (NTC) materials and encapsulated in glass for excellent environmental resistance and insulation. These thermistors are widely used in household appliances, automotive electronics, industrial equipment, and medical devices for temperature monitoring, control, and compensation. Key features include fast response, high reliability, resistance to high temperatures, and moisture, making them suitable for harsh environments. United States market for Glass Radial NTC Thermistors is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2024 to US$ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % from 2025 through 2031. China market for Glass Radial NTC Thermistors is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2024 to US$ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % from 2025 through 2031. Europe market for Glass Radial NTC Thermistors is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2024 to US$ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % from 2025 through 2031. Global key Glass Radial NTC Thermistors players cover Thinking Electronic, Shibaura, TDK, Semitec, Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology, etc. In terms of revenue, the global two largest companies occupied for a share nearly % in 2024. Infinity Market Research newest research report, the ?Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Industry Forecast? looks at past sales and reviews total world Glass Radial NTC Thermistors sales in 2024, providing a comprehensive analysis by region and market sector of projected Glass Radial NTC Thermistors sales for 2025 through 2031. With Glass Radial NTC Thermistors sales broken down by region, market sector and sub-sector, this report provides a detailed analysis in US$ millions of the world Glass Radial NTC Thermistors industry. This Insight Report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors landscape and highlights key trends related to product segmentation, company formation, revenue, and market share, latest development, and M&A activity. This report also analyzes the strategies of leading global companies with a focus on Glass Radial NTC Thermistors portfolios and capabilities, market entry strategies, market positions, and geographic footprints, to better understand these firms? unique position in an accelerating global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors market. This Insight Report evaluates the key market trends, drivers, and affecting factors shaping the global outlook for Glass Radial NTC Thermistors and breaks down the forecast by Type, by Application, geography, and market size to highlight emerging pockets of opportunity. With a transparent methodology based on hundreds of bottom-up qualitative and quantitative market inputs, this study forecast offers a highly nuanced view of the current state and future trajectory in the global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors. This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of Glass Radial NTC Thermistors market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions and countries. Segmentation by Type: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Low Resistance (?10K) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Medium Resistance (10-50K) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; High Resistance (?50K) Segmentation by Application: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Automotive &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Household Appliances &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Industrial Equipment &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Other This report also splits the market by region: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Americas &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; United States &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Canada &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mexico &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Brazil &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; APAC &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; China &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Japan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Korea &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Southeast Asia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; India &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Australia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Europe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Germany &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; France &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; UK &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Italy &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Russia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Middle East & Africa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Egypt &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; South Africa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Israel &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Turkey &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GCC Countries The below companies that are profiled have been selected based on inputs gathered from primary experts and analysing the companys coverage, product portfolio, its market penetration. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Thinking Electronic &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shibaura &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TDK &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Semitec &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Amphenol Advanced Sensors &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Littelfuse &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Vishay &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mitsubishi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exsense Electronics &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shiheng Electronics &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sinochip Electronics &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shenzhen Ampron Technology &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Huagong Gaoli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E WAY Technology &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TAYAO Technology &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; JOYIN Key Questions Addressed in this Report What is the 10-year outlook for the global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors market? What factors are driving Glass Radial NTC Thermistors market growth, globally and by region? Which technologies are poised for the fastest growth by market and region? How do Glass Radial NTC Thermistors market opportunities vary by end market size? How does Glass Radial NTC Thermistors break out by Type, by Application?

1 Scope of the Report &nbsp;1.1 Market Introduction &nbsp;1.2 Years Considered &nbsp;1.3 Research Objectives &nbsp;1.4 Market Research Methodology &nbsp;1.5 Research Process and Data Source &nbsp;1.6 Economic Indicators &nbsp;1.7 Currency Considered &nbsp;1.8 Market Estimation Caveats 2 Executive Summary &nbsp;2.1 World Market Overview &nbsp;2.1.1 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Annual Sales 2020-2031 &nbsp;2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for Glass Radial NTC Thermistors by Geographic Region, 2020, 2024 & 2031 &nbsp;2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for Glass Radial NTC Thermistors by Country/Region, 2020, 2024 & 2031 &nbsp;2.2 Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Segment by Type &nbsp;2.2.1 Low Resistance (?10K�) &nbsp;2.2.2 Medium Resistance (10-50K�) &nbsp;2.2.3 High Resistance (?50K�) &nbsp;2.3 Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Type &nbsp;2.3.1 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2025) &nbsp;2.3.2 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Revenue and Market Share by Type (2020-2025) &nbsp;2.3.3 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sale Price by Type (2020-2025) &nbsp;2.4 Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Segment by Application &nbsp;2.4.1 Automotive &nbsp;2.4.2 Household Appliances &nbsp;2.4.3 Industrial Equipment &nbsp;2.4.4 Other &nbsp;2.5 Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Application &nbsp;2.5.1 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sale Market Share by Application (2020-2025) &nbsp;2.5.2 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Revenue and Market Share by Application (2020-2025) &nbsp;2.5.3 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sale Price by Application (2020-2025) 3 Global by Company &nbsp;3.1 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Breakdown Data by Company &nbsp;3.1.1 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Annual Sales by Company (2020-2025) &nbsp;3.1.2 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales Market Share by Company (2020-2025) &nbsp;3.2 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Annual Revenue by Company (2020-2025) &nbsp;3.2.1 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Revenue by Company (2020-2025) &nbsp;3.2.2 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Revenue Market Share by Company (2020-2025) &nbsp;3.3 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sale Price by Company &nbsp;3.4 Key Manufacturers Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type &nbsp;3.4.1 Key Manufacturers Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Location Distribution &nbsp;3.4.2 Players Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Products Offered &nbsp;3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis &nbsp;3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis &nbsp;3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2023-2025) &nbsp;3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants &nbsp;3.7 Market M&A Activity & Strategy 4 World Historic Review for Glass Radial NTC Thermistors by Geographic Region &nbsp;4.1 World Historic Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Market Size by Geographic Region (2020-2025) &nbsp;4.1.1 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2020-2025) &nbsp;4.1.2 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Annual Revenue by Geographic Region (2020-2025) &nbsp;4.2 World Historic Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Market Size by Country/Region (2020-2025) &nbsp;4.2.1 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Annual Sales by Country/Region (2020-2025) &nbsp;4.2.2 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2020-2025) &nbsp;4.3 Americas Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales Growth &nbsp;4.4 APAC Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales Growth &nbsp;4.5 Europe Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales Growth &nbsp;4.6 Middle East & Africa Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales Growth 5 Americas &nbsp;5.1 Americas Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Country &nbsp;5.1.1 Americas Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Country (2020-2025) &nbsp;5.1.2 Americas Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Revenue by Country (2020-2025) &nbsp;5.2 Americas Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Type (2020-2025) &nbsp;5.3 Americas Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Application (2020-2025) &nbsp;5.4 United States &nbsp;5.5 Canada &nbsp;5.6 Mexico &nbsp;5.7 Brazil 6 APAC &nbsp;6.1 APAC Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Region &nbsp;6.1.1 APAC Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Region (2020-2025) &nbsp;6.1.2 APAC Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Revenue by Region (2020-2025) &nbsp;6.2 APAC Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Type (2020-2025) &nbsp;6.3 APAC Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Application (2020-2025) &nbsp;6.4 China &nbsp;6.5 Japan &nbsp;6.6 South Korea &nbsp;6.7 Southeast Asia &nbsp;6.8 India &nbsp;6.9 Australia &nbsp;6.10 China Taiwan 7 Europe &nbsp;7.1 Europe Glass Radial NTC Thermistors by Country &nbsp;7.1.1 Europe Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Country (2020-2025) &nbsp;7.1.2 Europe Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Revenue by Country (2020-2025) &nbsp;7.2 Europe Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Type (2020-2025) &nbsp;7.3 Europe Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Application (2020-2025) &nbsp;7.4 Germany &nbsp;7.5 France &nbsp;7.6 UK &nbsp;7.7 Italy &nbsp;7.8 Russia 8 Middle East & Africa &nbsp;8.1 Middle East & Africa Glass Radial NTC Thermistors by Country &nbsp;8.1.1 Middle East & Africa Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Country (2020-2025) &nbsp;8.1.2 Middle East & Africa Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Revenue by Country (2020-2025) &nbsp;8.2 Middle East & Africa Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Type (2020-2025) &nbsp;8.3 Middle East & Africa Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales by Application (2020-2025) &nbsp;8.4 Egypt &nbsp;8.5 South Africa &nbsp;8.6 Israel &nbsp;8.7 Turkey &nbsp;8.8 GCC Countries 9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends &nbsp;9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities &nbsp;9.2 Market Challenges & Risks &nbsp;9.3 Industry Trends 10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis &nbsp;10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers &nbsp;10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Glass Radial NTC Thermistors &nbsp;10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Glass Radial NTC Thermistors &nbsp;10.4 Industry Chain Structure of Glass Radial NTC Thermistors 11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer &nbsp;11.1 Sales Channel &nbsp;11.1.1 Direct Channels &nbsp;11.1.2 Indirect Channels &nbsp;11.2 Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Distributors &nbsp;11.3 Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Customer 12 World Forecast Review for Glass Radial NTC Thermistors by Geographic Region &nbsp;12.1 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Market Size Forecast by Region &nbsp;12.1.1 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Forecast by Region (2026-2031) &nbsp;12.1.2 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2026-2031) &nbsp;12.2 Americas Forecast by Country (2026-2031) &nbsp;12.3 APAC Forecast by Region (2026-2031) &nbsp;12.4 Europe Forecast by Country (2026-2031) &nbsp;12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country (2026-2031) &nbsp;12.6 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Forecast by Type (2026-2031) &nbsp;12.7 Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Forecast by Application (2026-2031) 13 Key Players Analysis &nbsp;13.1 Thinking Electronic &nbsp;13.1.1 Thinking Electronic Company Information &nbsp;13.1.2 Thinking Electronic Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.1.3 Thinking Electronic Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.1.4 Thinking Electronic Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.1.5 Thinking Electronic Latest Developments &nbsp;13.2 Shibaura &nbsp;13.2.1 Shibaura Company Information &nbsp;13.2.2 Shibaura Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.2.3 Shibaura Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.2.4 Shibaura Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.2.5 Shibaura Latest Developments &nbsp;13.3 TDK &nbsp;13.3.1 TDK Company Information &nbsp;13.3.2 TDK Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.3.3 TDK Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.3.4 TDK Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.3.5 TDK Latest Developments &nbsp;13.4 Semitec &nbsp;13.4.1 Semitec Company Information &nbsp;13.4.2 Semitec Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.4.3 Semitec Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.4.4 Semitec Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.4.5 Semitec Latest Developments &nbsp;13.5 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology &nbsp;13.5.1 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Company Information &nbsp;13.5.2 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.5.3 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.5.4 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.5.5 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Latest Developments &nbsp;13.6 Amphenol Advanced Sensors &nbsp;13.6.1 Amphenol Advanced Sensors Company Information &nbsp;13.6.2 Amphenol Advanced Sensors Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.6.3 Amphenol Advanced Sensors Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.6.4 Amphenol Advanced Sensors Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.6.5 Amphenol Advanced Sensors Latest Developments &nbsp;13.7 Littelfuse &nbsp;13.7.1 Littelfuse Company Information &nbsp;13.7.2 Littelfuse Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.7.3 Littelfuse Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.7.4 Littelfuse Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.7.5 Littelfuse Latest Developments &nbsp;13.8 Vishay &nbsp;13.8.1 Vishay Company Information &nbsp;13.8.2 Vishay Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.8.3 Vishay Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.8.4 Vishay Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.8.5 Vishay Latest Developments &nbsp;13.9 Mitsubishi &nbsp;13.9.1 Mitsubishi Company Information &nbsp;13.9.2 Mitsubishi Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.9.3 Mitsubishi Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.9.4 Mitsubishi Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.9.5 Mitsubishi Latest Developments &nbsp;13.10 Exsense Electronics &nbsp;13.10.1 Exsense Electronics Company Information &nbsp;13.10.2 Exsense Electronics Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.10.3 Exsense Electronics Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.10.4 Exsense Electronics Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.10.5 Exsense Electronics Latest Developments &nbsp;13.11 Shiheng Electronics &nbsp;13.11.1 Shiheng Electronics Company Information &nbsp;13.11.2 Shiheng Electronics Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.11.3 Shiheng Electronics Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.11.4 Shiheng Electronics Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.11.5 Shiheng Electronics Latest Developments &nbsp;13.12 Sinochip Electronics &nbsp;13.12.1 Sinochip Electronics Company Information &nbsp;13.12.2 Sinochip Electronics Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.12.3 Sinochip Electronics Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.12.4 Sinochip Electronics Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.12.5 Sinochip Electronics Latest Developments &nbsp;13.13 Shenzhen Ampron Technology &nbsp;13.13.1 Shenzhen Ampron Technology Company Information &nbsp;13.13.2 Shenzhen Ampron Technology Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.13.3 Shenzhen Ampron Technology Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.13.4 Shenzhen Ampron Technology Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.13.5 Shenzhen Ampron Technology Latest Developments &nbsp;13.14 Huagong Gaoli &nbsp;13.14.1 Huagong Gaoli Company Information &nbsp;13.14.2 Huagong Gaoli Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.14.3 Huagong Gaoli Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.14.4 Huagong Gaoli Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.14.5 Huagong Gaoli Latest Developments &nbsp;13.15 E WAY Technology &nbsp;13.15.1 E WAY Technology Company Information &nbsp;13.15.2 E WAY Technology Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.15.3 E WAY Technology Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.15.4 E WAY Technology Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.15.5 E WAY Technology Latest Developments &nbsp;13.16 TAYAO Technology &nbsp;13.16.1 TAYAO Technology Company Information &nbsp;13.16.2 TAYAO Technology Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.16.3 TAYAO Technology Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.16.4 TAYAO Technology Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.16.5 TAYAO Technology Latest Developments &nbsp;13.17 JOYIN &nbsp;13.17.1 JOYIN Company Information &nbsp;13.17.2 JOYIN Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Product Portfolios and Specifications &nbsp;13.17.3 JOYIN Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) &nbsp;13.17.4 JOYIN Main Business Overview &nbsp;13.17.5 JOYIN Latest Developments 14 Research Findings and Conclusion

Report	Global Glass Radial NTC Thermistors Market Growth 2025-2031
Selected License	Multi ID: LPI8791

Buyer Information

Order Summary